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Tag: geology

12 April 2017

Flowers at Fossil Falls

March 23-28, 2017

Fossil Falls BLM Little Lake CaliforniaThere are no fossils, or currently any waterfalls either at Fossil Falls, but there were flowers growing in cracks and crevices of jagged basalt carved smooth by the ancient flow of water.

After two weeks exploring around Lone Pine California—Alabama Hills, Manzanar, and Tuttle Creek—it looked like a little break in the wind and I figured it was time to start the journey home.  But of course with some stops along the way.  Thanks to Jeff for recommending Fossil Falls.

Red Hill US395 South Fossil Falls BLM CaliforniaOnly a 40 mile drive south on US395 I watched carefully for Cinder Road just south of the prominent Red Hill.  Along the way I stopped in don’t blink you’ll miss it Olanche for much needed propane.  Ouch, $4.99/gallon hurt the budget, especially after a museum visit and staying at Boulder Creek RV Resort the night before.  Time for a cheap rich connection with nature.

Fossil Falls BLM Little Lake California

water carved basalt Fossil Falls BLM Little Lake CaliforniaSigns directed me down a good gravel road a short way to the turn off for both day use parking and a campground.  A 1/2 mile easy trail lead deceptively over low ridges of porous yet smooth basalt.  And suddenly, a 40 foot drop reveals this fossil of a waterfall.  The scene is vast and difficult to put into perspective.  The seemingly jumbled and carved rock like a pile of discarded sculptures was overwhelming and hard to separate.

unidentified flowers Fossil Falls BLM Little Lake CaliforniaPlus I was totally distracted by the brilliant dots of color with flowers scattered around.  The dark lava rock made a nice backdrop yet the wind made it difficult to photograph.

I didn’t stay too long as the falls canyon was looking straight into the lowering sun and I wanted to find my campsite for the night.  Nice to know I could return in the morning.

(All unidentified)

 

lava flow Coso Mountains Fossil Falls BLM Little Lake CaliforniaThe primitive campground offers a hand-operated water pump that others reported was a slow pain, and a pit-toilet.  The dirt road has lava tire bitters to avoid.  Each of the maybe dozen campsites had a table, fire ring, and grill.  Only a few sites would accommodate large vehicles.  I never saw the “pay station” for the BLM $6/night fee.  Wasn’t overly worried about it for a planned one night stay at $3 with my Senior Pass.

unidentified yellow flower Fossil Falls BLM Little Lake CaliforniaI had every intention of getting out, relatively, early for some morning light.  Instead Berta and discussed the troubles with our world.  Yet timing turned out right when I met and chatted with two ladies coming off the Fossil Falls trail.  Carolyn is a blogger and instagramer from BC, Canada and was traveling home in her RV with her friend  Christine caravaning behind her.

Fossil Falls BLM Little Lake CaliforniaI spent about two hours roaming around on this course and sculpted landscape beyond the first falls.  Between 400,000 and 10,000 years ago basaltic lava flowed from the Coso volcanic range east of the Owens Valley.  While the area is an arid desert now, water once flowed from Owens Lake to the north through the narrow valley creating an interconnected system of lakes that are now dry basins.  In addition to lava flows and river systems, the Owens Valley was once covered with glaciers.  The falls were formed when the river was forced to divert its course over a basalt flow, polishing and reshaping the rock.

Fossil Falls BLM Little Lake California

pothole selfie Fossil Falls BLM Little Lake Californiapothole Fossil Falls BLM Little Lake California

Although it’s possible to crawl down into the ancient flow I chose to stay on top inspecting potholes made by rocks caught in an ancient eddy that drilled these almost perfectly circular holes.

Desert Hyacinth Fossil Falls BLM Little Lake CaliforniaDesert Hyacinth

Sediments settled in some of these carved rocks creating micro environments like a pot filled with flowers.  And these attracted butterflies, some pairs dancing on air, that were way quicker than I am with the camera.  I found it interesting to note that frequently the color of the butterfly matched the flowers they landed on.

Fossil Falls BLM Little Lake CaliforniaI tried to imagine the flow of water, listening for its song as it dropped and swirled to create this smooth yet chaotic rock fissure.

Red Hill Little Lake Fossil Falls BLM Little Lake California

Sunset clouds Fossil Falls Little Lake California

dry lake bed Fossil Falls BLM Little Lake CaliforniaThis place deserved more than one day of exploration but with a weekend coming I headed out about another mile past the appropriately named “Little Lake” and camped on a dry lake bed.  The dry cracked mud looked like cobblestones but I wouldn’t want to drive on them when slippery wet.

 

 

SUV dust Coso lava field Fossil Falls BLM Little Lake CaliforniaUnfortunately the wind kicked up the following day yet I was content to stay inside with a good signal working on posts and enjoying the shadow speckled Coso Mountains beyond the long stretch of valley.  Plus entertained by the occasional SUV driver fantasizing a race across the Bonneville salt flats dry lake bed and leaving a legendary trail of dust lingering behind.

Fossil Falls BLM Little Lake CaliforniaMy birthday started late that night and well into the next morning with wishes from different time zones, the other side of the world in some cases.  I love social media for the friendships and conversations with friends around the world.  Depending on how late you stay up or get up.

Yellow pepper-grass Sierras Fossil Falls BLM Little Lake CaliforniaYellow pepper-grass

Rattlesnake weed, Purple Owl's clover, unidentified & Phacelia Fossil Falls BLM Little Lake CaliforniaI eventually went for about a three hour stroll through the wildflowers and around some interesting shaped lava with the southern Sierras as a backdrop.  Many of the flowers at Fossil Falls are tiny—from the head of a pin to a pea-size and no more than a quarter—growing in the shade of lava rocks.  True survivors.  Scattered, hiding, but there.  I respect the desert blooms for not being too big and showy as they struggle to flower at all.

Rattlesnake weed, Purple Owl’s clover, unidentified & Phacelia

Lupine Fossil Falls BLM Little Lake CaliforniaLupine, called Bluebonnet in Texas, seems to grow in many environments.  I’ve seen it stunted to no more than four inches tall on rocky tundra and up to two feet in meadows, plus every height in between.  These weren’t more than 10 inches.

rabbit Fossil Falls BLM Little Lake CaliforniaSparks of sunshine reflected off numerous chips of shinny obsidian left behind by the First People indicating they knapped arrow heads here.  Might have been good hunting.  I saw a couple of jackrabbits the size of a large lap dog.

Fossil Falls BLM Little Lake CaliforniaThat night the wind rocked me and with predicted N/NW gusts of 55mph I moved first thing in the morning into a little more sheltered area in the campground.  The low walls of lava buffered it a bit and was certainly better than the dusty dry lake bed.

butterfly dry lake bed Fossil Falls BLM Little Lake CaliforniaWith the camper still rocking I didn’t poke my nose out all day.  Thank goodness for a strong signal.  But I’m done with it.  I would roll the next day wherever the wind blew me.

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California, Places I've been, United States camping, flowers, Fossil Falls, geology, hiking, lava flow 18 Comments
06 February 2017

Palm Canyon trail Kofa NWR Arizona

Sunset Kofa National Wildlife Refuge ArizonaThe contrasts are striking between desert, palms, and canyon walls along the Palm Canyon trail.  Located in the Kofa Mountains named because the King of Arizona gold mine stamping its property “K of A” in the late 1800s.  The idea of protecting this Sonoran Desert landscape began during the 1960s when conservationist Major Frederick R. Burnham observed that populations of bighorn sheep were sharply declining and appealed to the Boy Scouts to take up the cause.  For two years, more than 10,000 boy Scouts and their leaders campaigned to protect bighorn sheep and finally in 1976 the 665,400 acre Kofa National Wildlife Refuge was established to be managed by the US Fish & Wildlife Service.

Looking up Palm Canyon trail Kofa National Wildlife Refuge ArizonaPalm Canyon

A half-mile National Recreation Trail leads into Palm Canyon so all four of us camping together on the Kofa climbed into Sharon’s jeep and drove the two miles to the end of the road to start our hike.  Turns out either of the truck campers could have made the drive on this well graded road, but we weren’t sure until we got there.  I’m sure there are times when after heavy rain the road would be rutted and rough.

View West Dome Rock Mountains from mouth of Palm Canyon trail Kofa National Wildlife Refuge ArizonaView west from Palm Canyon trail

At 11am it was still chilly enough, especially in the shaded canyon, to wear a couple layers.  But we weren’t far along before the jacket went around the waist.  The website suggests to allow an hour round trip but us lollygag hikers took over an hour just to get one way.  There was just so much to see.  Plus the sometimes steep and rocky trail required us to watch our feet while walking so we stopped often to look around.

Palm Canyon trail Kofa National Wildlife Refuge ArizonaGeology

Millions of years ago the Southwestern United States resembled a broad plain with scattered marshes and streams studded with mountain ranges and erupting volcanoes that covered the marshes with 100s of feet of ash, rocks, cinders, and lava.  Then about 25,000,000 years ago, after a long quiet period, earthquakes and eruptions occurred cracking, splitting, tilting, and lifting the previous formed rock and created today’s Kofa mountains.  Water flowing through cracks in the volcanic rhyolite formed canyons through erosion.

Plants

The current desert ecosystem is characterized by hot summers, mild winters and low annual rainfall of 4-8 inches.  Yet even in this harsh environment plants have adapted.  Looking with binoculars up tiny side canyons to the north, opposite the wash we followed, rewarded us with an amazing variety of plants.

Cactus Palm Canyon trail Kofa National Wildlife Refuge ArizonaMost obvious are the tall and stately saguaros, yet these seem not terrible old and all of about the same age as is common with the species.  Closer to the ground, prickly pear, cholla, hedgehog, pincushion and barrel cacti thrive.  All wonderful to see but we were really excited about seeing the California fan palm, the only native species of palm tree in Arizona, and only 100 trees remain.

These could be relics of the ice age when the range of California fan palms was much larger than its isolated groves today gradually spreading into these canyons and other protected niches as the climate warmed to desert conditions.  California fan palms typically live for 80 to 90 years.  A fire burned through the grove in 1953, seriously damaging the trees.  Fortunately, most of the palms survived and young trees have become established.  The survival of these trees is directly dependent on the microclimate in this protected canyon.  The palm trees are only able to live in the narrow side canyons where direct sunshine is limited and moisture is available.

Nolina against sky Palm Canyon trail Kofa National Wildlife Refuge ArizonaAs we strained even with binoculars to find the palms we were often fooled by a palm-like plant growing out of cracks and on ledges but the nolinas are much smaller than palms and do not develop a trunk.

Palo Verde along Palm Canyon trail Kofa National Wildlife Refuge ArizonaI love the twisted and contorted shape of the palo verde.  Its almost neon green branches and twigs have enough chlorophyll to produce all the energy the tree requires and during drought often has no leaves.

California fan palms side canyon Palm Canyon trail Kofa National Wildlife Refuge ArizonaCalifornia fan palms side canyon Palm Canyon trail Kofa National Wildlife Refuge Arizona

As the sun rose higher interesting shadow shapes moved rapidly across the north canyon walls.

California fan palms side canyon Palm Canyon trail Kofa National Wildlife Refuge ArizonaCalifornia fan palms side canyon Palm Canyon trail Kofa National Wildlife Refuge Arizona

And the timing was perfect to see sunshine creep into a side canyon and light up the oasis of palms.

Didn’t see the endemic Kofa Mountain Barberry with its holly like leaves which may have been because I was looking for a low growing plant and this is a small bush.  Also don’t think I saw any Ironwood unless it was the thorny trees I called mesquite.

Animals

We also didn’t see the famed desert bighorn sheep.  The only animals we saw were a few birds and lizards flitting about way too fast to positively identify.  Maybe some peak-headed phainopeplas, some kind of hawks soaring in the far distance, turkey vultures, and mostly crows/ravens which seem to survive anywhere.  Saw the scat evidence of coyote and fox.

View West Palm Canyon trail Kofa National Wildlife Refuge ArizonaMany animals survive in the desert because they are mostly nocturnal.  But then after the sun went down and the temperature dropped we weren’t particularly nocturnal ourselves.  Quite frankly there are a few species I wouldn’t want to trip over, especially after dark, like the Gila Monster or Western Diamondback.

Late light Kofa Mountains Kofa National Wildlife Refuge ArizonaYet no worries while the sun was up about being cold and by the time we returned to camp it was a delightful 73°F.  But that quickly changed just as we finished dinner enjoying the setting sun light up the Kofa Mountains and the desert.

Sunset Kofa National Wildlife Refuge Arizona

Venus & crescent moon Chocolate Mountains Kofa National Wildlife Refuge ArizonaFollowed by a gorgeous sunset and then a crescent moon with Venus, and Mars.

Of the 665,400 acres within Kofa National Wildlife Refuge, 547,700 acres are designated wilderness, making it the second largest wilderness area in Arizona.  While the Palm Canyon Trail is the only designated trail on Kofa, visitors are welcome to hike anywhere on the refuge so long as vehicles remain within 100 feet of the road, do not enter mines, or the area closed for the recovery of Sonoran pronghorn mostly seen in King Valley.  Camping on the refuge is limited to a maximum of 14 days in any 12-month period.  Campfires are permitted with a limited amount of only dead, down and detached wood that can be gathered and I didn’t see any of that so probably want to bring your own firewood.  Also remember that summer temperatures can exceed 120°F.  Seems winter is the time to visit and I would highly recommend that.  Had a great cell and internet signal in camp.

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Arizona, Kofa NWR adaptation, California fan palm, camping, desert, geology, hike, hiking, Kofa National Wildlife Refuge, Palm Canyon trail, plants, Sonoran Desert, wildlife, wildlife refuge 14 Comments
07 March 2016

Short hike up Titus Canyon Narrows Death Valley

February 19, 2016

Flowers along Hwy190 Death Valley National Park CaliforniaAfter experiencing the panoramic Death Valley view at Dante’s and seeing nature carved badlands at Zabriskie Point we headed through more of the wildflowers to hike into the Grapevine Mountains at Titus Canyon Narrows.

Rough road to Titus Canyon Death Valley National Park CaliforniaThe 2.5 mile (4 km) road was much worse than I remember from visiting during October 2009, yet as I looked back at that I didn’t give the route a star rating then either.  Supposedly two-lanes wide, I was grateful to many vehicles coming our way that were able to pull over for my lumbering truck with camper to pass by.  It was a slow ride.  Had I realized how bad running water had cut into the semi-graded road I might not have continued but there wasn’t any good spots to turn around.  So on we went.

Entering Titus Canyon Death Valley National Park CaliforniaTitus Canyon is the largest and most diverse canyon in the park.  From where we started walking at the mouth of the canyon a gravel road leads 1.5 miles (2.4 km) through Titus Canyon Narrows with 500 foot (152 m) walls of limestone and dolomite.  And at my lollygag pace I’m sure we didn’t get that far.  You can continue 5 miles (8 km) more to Klare Springs and Timbisha petroglyphs.  Nice that this gravel road is dog friendly.

Titus Canyon Death Valley National Park CaliforniaYou can also drive 26 miles (49 km) on this one-way road starting just out of the park off Hwy 374 near the ghost town of Rhyolite, Nevada.  High clearance vehicles are recommended for at least a three hour drive pavement to pavement.  My truck may be high clearance but with the camper no way, although it actually seemed in better shape than the drive to the canyon.

 Jeep Titus Canyon Death Valley National Park California

 

Several jeeps passed, many rentals from the park’s concession, but we laughed like crazy when a sedan came through.  I missed that shot.  It wasn’t like rush-hour traffic and wide enough to get out of the way.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Travertine & megabrecca Titus Canyon Narrows Death Valley National Park CaliforniaThe rock here is amazingly diverse.

Titus Canyon Narrows Death Valley National Park California

 

Titus Canyon is a deep, narrow gorge cut into the steep face of the Grapevine Mountains in a wine-glass shape.  Although the mountains were only uplifted about 16mya (million years ago), most of the rocks that make up the range are over 560myo (million years old).  The gray limestone lining the walls in the Narrows formed in a tropical sea.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Titus Canyon Narrows Death Valley National Park CaliforniaThese sediments have since been upturned, upfolded (anticlines), downfolded (synclines) and folded back onto themselves (recumbent folds).  Between 65-30mya all was quiet then deposition resumed as sluggish streams migrated laterally over the surface, laying down cobbles, sand, and mud as seen in the Titus Canyon Formation.

 

Titus Canyon Narrows Death Valley National Park California

 

 

About 27mya, 1200 feet (366 m) of volcanic ash covered what would later become the Grapevine Mountains.  During mountain building stream gradient increased cutting true river valleys, canyons, and gorges that face Death Valley.  Water, mud and debris flows originating from the broad, more open canyon above have scoured the limestone walls smooth in Titus Canyon Narrows and left a large alluvial fan which we still had to drive out on to return to pavement.

 

 

Titus Canyon Narrows Death Valley National Park CaliforniaWith the right rig I’d like to drive Titus Canyon, visit the ghost towns and Timbisha petroglyphs.  Then maybe stop for fry bread or an Indian taco at the CCC built Timbisha Shoshone Indian Village near park headquarters at Furnace Creek.  Has anybody stopped there?  We didn’t so have another excuse to return.

Moon over Grapevine Mountains Death Valley National Park CaliforniaNext stop Mesquite Sand Dunes just before sunset.

12 DSC_1501hdrlerw Golden Evening Primrose Titus Canyon DEVA NP CA g-HDR (678x1024)-2Sweet little Golden Evening Primrose seen in Titus Canyon Narrows.

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Hi, I’m Gaelyn, the Geogypsy

I retired after 29 summer seasons as a Park Ranger, traveling solo for 40+ years. My passions include travel, connecting to nature, photography, and sharing stories.

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